{"id":501,"date":"2019-07-28T19:29:16","date_gmt":"2019-07-28T19:29:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencesg.com\/scientificity\/?p=501"},"modified":"2019-07-28T19:29:23","modified_gmt":"2019-07-28T19:29:23","slug":"enjoy-sunbathing-after-wearing-sunscreen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencesg.com\/scientificity\/enjoy-sunbathing-after-wearing-sunscreen\/","title":{"rendered":"Going outside at 11 o’clock? Have you worn sunscreen?"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is just less than hundred years since the invention of first gloppy, paint-like versions of sunscreen. These first products are nothing like what’s available today in the markets. They were quite uncomfortable, pasty, thick and felt like \u2018paint\u2019. However, it is on that foundation that modern sunscreens were industrialized, improved and waterproofed. So, today, I would like to tell you something about sunscreen.<\/p>\n

\"Representative<\/a>
Representative picture of different Sunscreen Brands ~ Not a recommendation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Delving into the background of sunscreen<\/h3>\n

The use of sunscreen originated thousands of years ago. In those days, people used a variety of plant extracts to protect the skin from the sun’s harmful rays. Use of olive oil for this purpose was extremely common among ancient Greeks. Egyptians used extracts of rice, jasmine and lupine plants for this purpose. Zinc oxide paste has also been popular for skin protection for thousands of years. Surprisingly, these ingredients are still used in skin care. However, when it comes to the invention of actual sunscreen, several different inventors have been credited as being the first to invent such a product.<\/p>\n

The first sunscreen known as Glacier Cream (sun protection factor of 2) was invented in the year 1938 by Franz Greiter, a famous chemist. The formulation of Glacier cream was later picked up by Piz Buin the famous company of that time.<\/p>\n

In the year 1944, famous pharmacist of that time Benjamin Green invented many popular sunscreen products to protect the soldiers from the hazards of sun overexposure during World War II. This particular sunscreen was named Red Vet Pet for red veterinary petrolatum and was patented by pharmacist Green. Red Vet Pet was a disagreeable red, sticky substance similar to petroleum jelly. The famous Coppertone bought the patent of Green and improved the quality of Red Vet Pet. Later they commercialized the substance and sold it as “Coppertone Girl” and “Bain de Soleil” brands in the early 1950s.<\/p>\n

Again in 1930, South Australian chemist H.A. Milton Blake was credited with being the first to experiment with sun protection. He created a sunburn cream in his kitchen which became quite acceptable in those times. Hamilton Laboratories started producing and selling the cream in the 1930\u2019s.<\/p>\n

Almost at the same time, the famous chemist Eugene Schueller, the founder of L’Oreal, developed a sunscreen formula in 1936.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Chemistry behind sunscreen’s action<\/h3>\n

Sunscreen is designed to protect us from UV radiation from the sun; this has a shorter wavelength than visible light and a lot of the energy emitted by the sun is in the form of UV, which can be divided into three categories. One of these, UVC (with a wavelength of ~290-100 nm) isn\u2019t a problem, as it\u2019s absorbed by ozone in the atmosphere before it can reach the Earth\u2019s surface. There are two other categories, however, UVA & UVB, which can cause damage to skin.<\/p>\n

UVB (wavelength ~290-320 nm) is responsible for around 5% of the UV radiation reaching Earth, with the majority of it also being absorbed by the atmosphere. It causes your skin to produce more melanin, which is what causes the tanning effect of sitting in the sun. However, it can also cause sunburn and direct DNA damage, which can increase the risk of developing skin cancer. Sunscreen has been available as a product since around 1928 and most early sunscreens were formulated to screen the skin against UVB rays.<\/p>\n

UVA (wavelength ~320-400nm) is responsible for the largest proportion of the UV radiation from the sun that reaches the Earth\u2019s surface \u2013 approximately 95%. UVA can penetrate much deeper into the skin than UVB, down into the connective tissue. This causes wrinkling and premature ageing of the skin. UVA can also generate reactive species in the skin, and thus indirectly causing DNA damage and contribute to an increased skin cancer risk. It was for a time considered relatively harmless in comparison to UVB, but now the damage it can cause is beginning to be understood, sunscreens have included different chemicals to also shield against this portion of the UV spectrum.<\/p>\n

Sunscreen is basically a lotion that protects the skin from the ultraviolet radiation of sun. Sunscreen lowers the risk of skin cancer and reduces the skin damage. Many people consider that sunscreens are similar to that of sunblock. However, they are different types of sun protection. Most sun protection products work by absorbing, reflecting or scattering sunlight. However, sunscreens provide protection from the two types of damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays namely UVA and UVB. Both of these rays can cause sunburns and can lead to longer-term health effects such as skin cancers, premature skin aging and eye damage. Sunscreen is principally a chemical defence and it works by penetrating the skin followed by absorbing the UV rays before they reach and damage the dermal layers. Although many chemical compounds are there to absorb UV rays but oxybenzone, avobenzone, and para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) are the common ingredients.<\/p>\n

\"Chemical
Chemical structure of Avobenzone, Oxybenzone and para-aminobenzoic acid<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

Chemistry behind sunscreen’s action ~ Cont’d<\/h3>\n

Inorganic chemicals generally used in the sunscreens are zinc oxide and titanium oxide. Both of them are capable of absorbing and scattering UV light. Compared to inorganic compounds the use of organic compounds in sunscreens are more common. The chemicals bonds present in organic compounds are responsible for the absorption of UV radiation. Now it will depend on the molecular architecture whether it will absorb UVA or UVB or both of them. At present, FDA has approved 17 ingredients for use in sunscreen, including titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Many chemical compounds are under FDA consideration.<\/p>\n

Sunscreen for for babies and toddlers<\/h4>\n

The American Academy of Dermatology advises parents and caregivers to use a sunscreen that contains titanium dioxide or zinc oxide which protects the sensitive skin of babies and toddlers.<\/p>\n

\"Common
Common compounds in sunscreen that block UVA rays<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"Common
Common compounds in sunscreen that block UVB rays<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"Common
Common compounds in sunscreen that block both UVA & UVB rays<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

Structure and Properties of some of the organic compounds in sunscreens<\/h3>\n

Avobenzone<\/h4>\n

Avobenzone is a dibenzoylmethane derivative and it exists in the ground state as a mixture of the enol and keto forms, favouring the chelated enol. This enol form is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen-bonding within the \u03b2-diketone. Its ability to absorb ultraviolet light over a wider range of wavelengths than many other sunscreen agents has led to its use in many commercial preparations marketed as “broad spectrum” sunscreens. Avobenzone has an absorption maximum of 357 nm. Although Avobenzone is considered safe, disintegration products may have significant health impacts and persist in the environment.<\/p>\n

\"Avobenzone
Avobenzone Tautomeric Forms<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ecamsule<\/h4>\n

Ecamsule is an organic compound which is added to many sunscreens to filter out UVA rays. It is a benzylidene camphor derivative, many of which are known for their excellent photostability.<\/p>\n

\"Structure
Structure of Ecamsule<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

para-aminobenzoic acid<\/h4>\n

para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA is an intermediate in the synthesis of folate by bacteria, plants, and fungi. It is a UVB absorber, meaning it can absorb wavelengths between 290 and 320 nm. Patented in 1943, PABA was one of the first active ingredients to be used in sunscreen. The first in vivo studies on mice showed that PABA reduced UV damage. In addition, it was shown to protect against skin tumours in rodents. Animal and in vitro studies in the early 1980s suggested PABA might increase the risk of cellular UV damage. On the basis of these studies, as well as problems with allergies and clothing discoloration, PABA fell out of favour as a sunscreen. However, water-insoluble PABA derivatives such as padimate O are currently used in some products.<\/p>\n

\"Structure
Structure of para-aminobenzoic acid<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Padimate O<\/h4>\n

Padimate O is an organic compound related to the water-soluble compound para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA. Padimate O absorbs ultraviolet rays, thereby preventing direct DNA damage by UV-B. However, the thus-excited padimate O molecule may then react with DNA to produce indirect DNA damage, similar to the effects of ionizing radiation.<\/p>\n

\"Structure
Structure of Padimate O<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

Cinoxate<\/h4>\n

Cinoxate is an organic compound used as an ingredient in some types of sunscreens. It is a slightly yellow viscous liquid that is insoluble in water, but miscible with alcohols, esters, and vegetable oils. It protects skin against the sun by absorbing UV-A and UV-B rays.<\/p>\n

\"Structure
Structure of Cinoxate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Trolamine salicylate<\/h4>\n

Trolamine salicylate is used as an ingredient in sunscreens, analgesic creams and cosmetics. The salicylic acid portion contributes to both the sun protection effect (by absorbing UVB radiation) and to the analgesic effect. The triethanolamine neutralizes the acidity of the salicylic acid. One benefit of this topical analgesic is that it has no odour, in contrast to other topical analgesics such as menthol.<\/p>\n

\"Structure
Structure of Trolamine salicylate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Homosalate<\/h4>\n

Homosalate is an organic compound used in some sunscreens. Homosalate is present in 45% of U.S. sunscreens. It is used as a chemical UV filter. The salicylic acid portion of the molecule absorbs ultraviolet rays with a wavelength from 295 nm to 315 nm, protecting the skin from sun damage. The hydrophobic trimethylcyclohexane functional group provides greasiness that prevents it from dissolving in water.<\/p>\n

\"Structure<\/a>
Structure of Homosalate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Enzacamene<\/h4>\n

Enzacamene is an organic camphor derivative that is used in the cosmetic industry for its ability to protect the skin against UV, specifically UV B radiation.<\/p>\n

\"Structure<\/a>
Structure of Enzacamene<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

Octyl salicylate<\/h4>\n

Octyl salicylate is an organic compound used as an ingredient in sunscreens and cosmetics to absorb UVB (ultraviolet) rays from the sun. It is a colourless oily liquid with a slight floral odour. The salicylate portion of the molecule absorbs ultraviolet light, protecting skin from the harmful effects of exposure to sunlight. The ethylhexanol portion is a fatty alcohol, adding emollient and oil-like (water resistant) properties.<\/p>\n

\"Structure<\/a>
Structure of Octyl salicylate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ensulizole<\/h4>\n

Ensulizole is primarily a UVB protecting agent providing only minimal UVA protection. The scope of UVB is 290 to 340 nanometres, whereas the UVA range is 320 to 400 nanometres. For better UVA protection, it must be paired with avobenzone, titanium dioxide, or zinc oxide; outside of the United States it can also be paired with a UV absorber of the Tinosorb or Mexoryl types. Since ensulizole is water-soluble, it has the characteristic of feeling lighter on skin. As such, it is often used in sunscreen lotions or moisturizers whose aesthetic goal is a non-greasy finish. The free acid is poorly soluble in water, so it is only used as its soluble salts.<\/p>\n

\"Structure<\/a>
Structure of Ensulizole<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Oxybenzone<\/h4>\n

Oxybenzone is an organic compound. It is a pale-yellow solid that is readily soluble in most organic solvents. Oxybenzone belongs to the class of aromatic ketones known as benzophenones. It is a naturally occurring chemical found in various flowering plants as well as being an organic component of many sunscreen lotions. It is also in widespread use in things like plastics, toys, furniture finishes and more to limit UV degradation.<\/p>\n

\"Structure<\/a>
Structure of Oxybenzone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sulisobenzone<\/h4>\n

Sulisobenzone is an ingredient in some sunscreens which protects the skin from damage by UVB and UVA ultraviolet light.<\/p>\n

\"Structure<\/a>
Structure of Sulisobenzone<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

Sun protection factor<\/h3>\n

Sunscreens are usually rated with a sun protection factor (SPF). SPF<\/a> measures the fraction of sunburn-producing UV rays that reach the skin. For example, “SPF 15” means that 1\u204415 of the burning radiation reaches the skin through the recommended thickness of sunscreen. Sunscreens are designed to remain effective at original strength for up to three years. UPF (ultraviolet protection factor) is a similar scale developed for rating fabrics for sun protective clothing. UPF ~30+ is typical for protective fabrics, while UPF ~20 is typical for standard summer fabrics. Mathematically, the SPF (or the UPF) is calculated from measured data as<\/p>\n

\"Sun<\/p>\n

where E(\u03bb) is the solar irradiance spectrum, A (\u03bb) the erythemal action spectrum and MPF (\u03bb) the monochromatic protection factor, all functions of the wavelength (\u03bb) . The MPF is roughly the inverse of the transmittance at a given wavelength.<\/p>\n

Everyday usage of sunscreen doesn’t lead to vitamin D insufficiency<\/h3>\n

People who use sunscreen daily can maintain their vitamin D levels<\/a>. High-SPF sunscreens are designed to filter out most of the sun\u2019s UVB radiation, since UVB damage is the major cause of sunburn and can lead to skin cancers. UVB wavelengths happen to be the specific wavelengths that trigger vitamin D production in the skin. Nonetheless, clinical studies have never found that everyday sunscreen use leads to vitamin D insufficiency. In fact, the prevailing studies show that people who use sunscreen daily can maintain their vitamin D level.<\/p>\n

One of the explanations for this may be that no matter how much sunscreen you use or how high the SPF, some of the sun\u2019s UV rays reach your skin. An SPF 15 sunscreen filters out 93 percent of UVB rays, SPF 30 keeps out 97 percent, and SPF 50 filters out 98 percent. This leaves anywhere from 2 to 7 percent of solar UVB reaching your skin, even with high-SPF sunscreens. And that\u2019s if you use them perfectly.<\/p>\n

So, Go outside and get some sunshine, but after wearing sunscreen!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Enjoy<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Direct sunlight exposure is essential but can cause sunburn and increase the risk of developing skin cancer. So, enjoy sunbathing after wearing sunscreen.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":502,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nSunscreen can help you enjoy Sunbathing more peacefully<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Direct sunlight exposure is essential but can cause sunburn and increase the risk of developing skin cancer. 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