{"id":293,"date":"2018-06-06T09:53:55","date_gmt":"2018-06-06T09:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sciencesg.com\/scientificity\/?p=293"},"modified":"2018-06-07T08:40:44","modified_gmt":"2018-06-07T08:40:44","slug":"vitamin-d-source-benefits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sciencesg.com\/scientificity\/vitamin-d-source-benefits\/","title":{"rendered":"Need Vitamin D? ~ Go outside and get some sunshine"},"content":{"rendered":"

Human body produces Vitamin D as a response to sun exposure. This is why this vitamin is often known as sunshine vitamin<\/em>. Researchers have revealed that Vitamin D has several roles to play in human body. For example, it helps to support the health of the immune system, bones and teeth, and often plays its role in brain and nervous systems also. Vitamin D significantly regulates insulin levels and helps in diabetes management. Function of this vitamin in lung function and cardiovascular health is noteworthy. Besides these, it may also protect against a range of conditions such as cancer and multiple sclerosis.<\/p>\n

Vitamin D is actually not a vitamin!<\/h3>\n

In our childhood days, we used to study that vitamins<\/a> are special nutrients that cannot be generated by the body and as a result must be taken in through our diet. However, Vitamin D can be synthesized by our body itself when sunlight strikes our skin. Hence, it should be considered a pro-hormone and not actually a vitamin. Exposure of sun on bare skin for approximately 10 minutes, 4 times per week<\/em> can generate sufficient of this vitamin. But report reveals that a considerable proportion of the global population is extremely Vitamin D deficient.<\/p>\n

\"Sunbathing\"<\/p>\n

A brief history of Vitamin D<\/h3>\n

In the year 1914, two researchers from America Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis invented a compound in cod liver oil and they named it Vitamin A. In the year 1919, british doctor Sir Edward Mellanby, working with dogs noticed dogs that were fed cod liver oil did not develop rickets and concluded vitamin A, or a closely associated factor, could prevent the disease. In 1921 he wrote, “The action of fats in rickets is due to a vitamin or accessory food factor which they contain, probably identical with the fat-soluble vitamin.” In addition, he documented that cod liver oil was a brilliant antirachitic agent.<\/p>\n

Elmer McCollum, in the year 1922, observed that modified cod liver oil, where Vitamin A had been totally destroyed, cured ill dogs. Hence he concluded that cod liver oil surely contained something special other than Vitamin A. McCollum named that special compound Vitamin D as it was the fourth vitamin to be named. No one realised at that point of time that this vitamin can be generated by human body through exposure to UV lights.<\/p>\n

Goldblatt and Soames in the year 1923, claimed that when 7-dehydrocholesterol (later recognised as the precursor of Vitamin D) was irradiated with sunlight, a substance equivalent to the fat-soluble vitamin was generated. Alfred Fabian Hess and Weinstock stated in this way: Light equals vitamin D<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The chemical structures of the Vitamin D were determined in the 1930s in the laboratory of Professor Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus at the University of G\u00f6ttingen in Germany. Professor Adolf Windaus, in the year 1928, received Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the constitution of sterols and their relationship with vitamins. In 1932, Vitamin D2<\/sub> which could be produced by ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol was chemically characterised and it was 1936 when Vitamin D3<\/sub> was chemically characterised from the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol.<\/p>\n

Mark Haussler and Tony Norman in 1969, having studied nuclear fragments of intestinal cells, identified a specific binding protein for the vitamin known as Vitamin D receptor. Metabolism of Vitamin D to active forms, in which it was found to be converted to calcifediol in the liver, was discovered in the year 1972.<\/p>\n

Calcifediol, also acknowledged as calcidiol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D (abbreviated 25(OH)D), is primarily a prehormone that is produced in the liver by hydroxylation of vitamin D3<\/sub> (cholecalciferol) by the enzyme cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase. That enzyme was isolated by American adult endocrinologist Michael F. Holick. Nowadays, medical practitioners measure this particular metabolite to monitor vitamin D status.<\/p>\n

Important fact in this regard is that, full conversion of vitamin D3<\/sub> to calcifediol takes approximately 7 days. Calcifediol is then converted by the kidneys to calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D which circulates as a hormone in the blood, maintaining the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promoting the healthy growth of bone.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Vitamin D from a Chemist\u2019s point of view!<\/h2>\n

This vitamin is basically an assembly of seco-steroids accountable for escalating intestinal absorption of magnesium, calcium and phosphate. Members of this group are fat soluble. Prime members are vitamin D3<\/sub> (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2<\/sub> (ergocalciferol). One important information is that Vitamin D obtained from our daily diet or from other sources is mostly inactive until it gets activated in the liver and kidney due to enzymatic conversion like hydroxylation.<\/p>\n

Vitamin D3<\/sub> (Cholecalciferol) is then converted in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) whereas Vitamin D2<\/sub> (ergocalciferol) is converted to 25-hydroxyergocalciferol. These two vitamin D metabolites (called 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH)D) are usually measured in serum to determine a person’s vitamin D status. Calcifediol thus obtained gets further hydroxylated by the kidneys to form calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), biologically active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol behaving as a hormone circulates in the blood and plays a significant role maintaining the concentration of calcium, magnesium and phosphate.<\/p>\n

\"Formation
Formation of Vitamin D2<\/sub> and Vitamin D3<\/sub><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Vitamin D is basically a seco-steroid. Seco-steroid represents those molecules having one of the rings broken. In the above figure, A<\/strong>, B<\/strong>, C<\/strong>, and D<\/strong> ring structure is derived from the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring structure for steroids. It has been shown in the figure that ring B<\/strong> is broken in Vitamin D. Hence the word seco- is used in its nomenclature.<\/p>\n

Action of sunlight or ultraviolet light can produce Vitamin D3<\/sub> photochemically from the precursor sterol 7-dehydrocholesterol which is present in the epidermis or skin of man and higher animals. Conjugated double bond system in the B<\/strong> ring allows the molecule for absorption of light quanta at certain wavelengths in the UV range; which can be easily provided in most geographical locations by natural sunlight (or UV-B) and consequently a complex series of transformations will take place to generate Vitamin D3<\/sub>. This is the fundamental pathway that helps Vitamin D3<\/sub> to be produced endogenously as long as the animal (or human) has access on a regular basis to sunlight.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Vitamin D from a Nutritionist\u2019s point of view!<\/h2>\n

International Unit of vitamin D<\/h4>\n

World Health Organization has defined the International Unit (IU) of vitamin D to standardize the reporting of vitamin D potency. 1.0 IU of this vitamin is the activity of 0.025 micrograms of the international standard preparation of crystalline vitamin D3<\/sub>. Through the advent of the metabolism of vitamin D3<\/sub> to other active seco-steroids, mainly 1\u03b1,25-(OH)2<\/sub>D3<\/sub>, it was advised that 1.0 unit of 1\u03b1,25-(OH)2<\/sub>D3<\/sub> be set equivalent in molar terms to that of the parent vitamin D3<\/sub>. Therefore, 1.0 unit of 1\u03b1,25-(OH)2<\/sub>D3<\/sub> has been effectively defined to be equivalent to 65 picomoles.<\/p>\n

Vitamin D3<\/sub> is more effective than vitamin D2<\/sub><\/h4>\n

Since 1930, after the discovery of the chemical structures of vitamin D3<\/sub> and vitamin D2<\/sub> it has been presumed that both vitamins had equivalent biological activity in humans. R. Heaney and co-workers in the year 2010 claimed that vitamin D3<\/sub> is approximately 87% more potent in raising and maintaining serum 25(OH)D levels than was vitamin D2<\/sub>. Again, vitamin D3<\/sub> produced a 2- to 3-fold greater storage of vitamin D than does equimolar amount of D2<\/sub>. Hence, it appears that vitamin D3<\/sub> should be the preferred choice for correcting the deficiency of this vitamin in humans due to its greater effectiveness and obviously lower cost.<\/p>\n

Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency<\/h4>\n

Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency may include fatigue, painful bones and back, depressed mood, impaired wound healing, hair loss and muscle pain. If the deficiency persists for a prolonged time period then problems like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, depression, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease can result.<\/p>\n

You may need regular dietary supply of vitamin D<\/h4>\n

No one can precisely define the requirement of this vitamin for a healthy adult. When adequate sunlight is available human does not need this vitamin from outside. However, vitamin D becomes an important nutritional factor in the absence of sunlight. Often due to geographical and seasonal factors, ultraviolet light from the sun may also be blocked by air pollution. Again, usage of sunscreens, living in cities where tall buildings block adequate sunlight, tendency to wear too many clothes etc., need regular dietary supply of vitamin D3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n

Many people all round the world use sunscreen lotions to look better. I don\u2019t know whether you will believe me or not that a sunscreen with sun protection factor (SPF) 30 can reduce the body’s ability to synthesize the vitamin by 95 percent<\/a>!<\/p>\n

\"Sea
Sea Foods are good sources of Vitamin D<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dietary sources of vitamin D<\/h4>\n

Salt water fishes and fish liver oils are good sources of vitamin D3<\/sub>. Herring, salmon, sardines are the examples. Eggs, veal, beef, butter and vegetable oils also contain small quantities of the vitamin. However, plants, fruits and nuts are extremely poor sources of this vitamin. In many countries artificial fortification of foods such as, milk, margarine and butter, cereals and chocolate mixes help in meeting the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Importance of Vitamin D for cancer prevention and healthy pregnancy<\/h3>\n

Out of many two important concerns in modern days are cancer prevention and healthy pregnancy. In order to regulate cell growth and also for cell-to-cell communications, we need this Vitamin.<\/p>\n

Hormonally active version of vitamin D, calcitriol can reduce cancer progression by slowing the growth and development of new blood vessels in cancerous tissue. It can also help by increasing cancer cell death and obviously reducing cell proliferation and metastases.<\/p>\n

Scientific report reveals that more than 200 human genes are influenced by Vitamin D. Those could be impaired if we do not have enough of this vitamin. A pregnant woman with a deficit of Vitamin D is under a huge risk of developing preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and bacterial vaginosis.<\/p>\n

Concluding remarks<\/h3>\n

Vitamin D is a hormone\u2026 powerful, potent, and paleo-to-the-core. Since pre-paleolithic times, Vitamin D has been produced in our skin from the UVB radiation of sunlight. The sun indeed powers nearly all life on earth. It is essential and signals reproduction, energy and longevity for not just humans but all land and marine plants, prokaryotes, and animals.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dr. BG, pharmacologist.<\/p>\n

I would challenge anyone to find an area or nutrient or any factor that has such consistent anti-cancer benefits as vitamin D. The data are really quite remarkable.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dr. Edward Giovannucci, Vitamin D expert.<\/p>\n

In all my many years of practice of medicine, I\u2019ve never seen one vitamin, even vitamin C, have such profound effects on human health.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dr. Soram Khalsa, medical director.<\/p>\n

We estimate that vitamin D deficiency is the most common medical condition in the world.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dr. Michael F. Holick, Vitamin D expert.<\/p>\n

Vitamin D is perhaps the single most powerful nutrient in the known universe for preventing influenza.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Mike Adams, natural health researcher and author.<\/p>\n

The sun is the orchestra leader for the dance of life. Every living thing on earth vibrates to the energy of the sun, including people. For a long time people have been victims of a huge scam that made them think they were supposed to hide indoors or under a blanket of sunscreen while the rest of life basked in the glory of the sun. Now they are catching on that they too need the sun\u2019s life-giving force.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Barbara Minton, natural health editor.<\/p>\n

Above quotations sums up everything about Vitamin D. One little suggestion from my end: please check your Vitamin D level (25-hydroxyvitamin D blood test) immediately. I shall conclude with a single phrase… Sunshine is life<\/strong><\/big><\/span>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Selected References<\/h4>\n
    \n
  1. Glisson F. A treatise of the rickets being a disease common to children<\/em>. London [1668] pp 1-373.<\/li>\n
  2. Mellanby E, Cantag MD. Experimental investigation on rickets<\/em>. Lancet [1919] 196:407-412.
    \nHess A. Influence of light on the prevention of rickets<\/em>. Lancet [1922] 2:1222.<\/li>\n
  3. Goldblatt H, Soames KN. A study of rats on a normal diet irradiated daily by the mercury vapor quartz lamp or kept in darkness<\/em>. Biochem. J. [1923] 17:294-297.<\/li>\n
  4. Steenbock H, Nelson MT. Fat-soluble vitamins. XIX. The induction of calcifying properties in a rickets-producing ration by radiant energy<\/em>. Methods Enzymol. [1924] 62:209-216.<\/li>\n
  5. Brockmann H. Die Isolierung des antirachitischen Vitamins aus Thunfischleberol<\/em>. H.-S.Zeit. Physiol. Chem. [1936] 241:104-115.<\/li>\n
  6. Bowman BAB, Russell RM Present Knowledge in Nutrition<\/em>. 9th Ed. ILSI Press [2006] pp 198-210.
    \nNorman AW, Bouillon R, Vitamin D nutritional policy needs a vision for the future<\/em>. Exp. Biol. Med. [2010] 235:1034-1045.<\/li>\n
  7. Calverley MJ, Jones G. Antitumor Steroids<\/em>, Academic Press [1992] pp 193-270.<\/li>\n
  8. Zhu GD, Okamura WH. Synthesis of vitamin D (calciferol)<\/em>. Chem. Rev. [1995] 95:1877-1952.<\/li>\n
  9. Zhang F, Nunes M, Segmuller B, Dunphy R, Hesse RH, Setty SK. Degradation chemistry of a Vitamin D analogue (ecalcidene) investigated by HPLC-MS, HPLC-NMR and chemical derivatization<\/em> J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. [2006] 40: 850-863.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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